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- $Unique_ID{BRK03458}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Anemia, Blackfan-Diamond}
- $Subject{Anemia, Blackfan-Diamond Primary Red Cell Aplasia Erythrogenesis
- Imperfecta Constitutional Erythroid Hypoplasia Hypoplastic Congenital Anemia
- Chronic Congenital Aregenerative Anemia Pure Red Cell Anemia Diamond-Blackfan
- Anemia DBA DBS Estren-Dameshek variant of Fanconi Anemia Aplastic Anemia
- Fanconi's Anemia}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 450:
- Anemia, Blackfan-Diamond
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Blackfan-Diamond Anemia) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Primary Red Cell Aplasia
- Erythrogenesis Imperfecta
- Constitutional Erythroid Hypoplasia
- Hypoplastic Congenital Anemia
- Chronic Congenital Aregenerative Anemia
- Pure Red Cell Anemia
- Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
- DBA
- DBS
- Estren-Dameshek variant of Fanconi Anemia
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Aplastic Anemia
- Fanconi's Anemia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is a very rare genetic blood disorder which is
- present at birth. Blood cell abnormalities accompany an unusual physical
- appearance, paleness, weakness, and lethargy.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is characterized by moderate to severe deficiency of
- red blood cells. Primary symptoms may include abnormal weakness, pallor, and
- lethargy noticed at approximately one month of age. Physical abnormalities
- such as lack of normal growth, a snub nose, widely separated eyes, and/or a
- protruding upper lip may occur. The neck may be webbed or shortened and
- immobile due to fused vertebrae, shoulder blades may be prominent, and
- deformity of the hand may occur. An abnormal increase in the number of white
- blood cells in the tissues may develop in a few cases. Occasionally,
- remissions may occur spontaneously, or more often as the result of drug
- treatment.
-
- Causes
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is inherited either as an autosomal dominant or a
- recessive trait. Symptoms develop due to diminished production of red blood
- cells which are produced in the bone marrow. An antibody against the
- precursors of these red blood cells has been found in patients with Blackfan-
- Diamond Syndrome. This finding identifies the disorder as an autoimmune
- disorder. Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses
- (antibodies) against invading organisms (antigens) suddenly begin to attack
- healthy tissue.
-
- Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father
- and one from the mother.
-
- In dominant disorders, a single copy of the disease gene (received from
- either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the normal gene
- and resulting in appearance of the disease. The risk of transmitting the
- disorder from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy
- regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
-
- In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person
- inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one
- normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for
- the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the
- disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a
- recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children
- will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of
- their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will
- be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is a very rare disorder with approximately 150
- verified cases reported in the American medical literature since it was first
- described in 1938. This disorder affects males and females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Blackfan-
- Diamond Anemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Aplastic Anemia is characterized by bone marrow failure. A total
- suppression or aplasia of the bone marrow is typical of Aplastic Anemia. The
- disorder may occur for unknown reasons or as the result of a toxic reaction
- to radiation, certain drugs, or chemicals. In rare cases, a tumor in the
- thymus may cause this disorder. The bone marrow may be classified as
- hypoplastic or aplastic. Hypoplasia occurs when the marrow is defective or
- incompletely developed, while in aplasia the bone marrow ceases developing
- any new tissue.
-
- Fanconi's Anemia is a rare form of familial aplastic anemia. It is
- characterized by bone abnormalities, microcephaly, hypogenitalism and brown
- pigmentation of the skin. Complications include infections such as pneumonia
- and meningitis, hemorrhages, and leukemia. Other malignancies may also
- occur.
-
- For more information on these disorders, choose "Aplastic" and "Fanconi"
- as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia is usually treated with adrenal corticosteroid drugs
- beginning as early as possible. Blood transfusions may be used in
- conjunction with steroid treatments. Multiple blood transfusions can be
- associated with heart and liver problems, and excessive accumulations of iron
- in body tissues. Infections must be carefully guarded against since they can
- cause worsening of the blood condition. In most successfully treated cases,
- a patient's future health may be unimpaired. Genetic counseling will be of
- benefit to patients and their families. Other treatment is symptomatic and
- supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia patients may be treated experimentally with bone
- marrow transplantation. Bone marrow (which is found inside the bone)
- produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and clotting cells (platelets).
- Bone marrow transplants involve extracting cross-matched bone marrow from a
- healthy donor and injecting it intravenously into an affected patient. The
- healthy marrow cells enter the general circulation and migrate through the
- blood to marrow cavities in the patients bones. The new marrow cells begin
- to grow and produce healthy new blood cells and platelets. The procedure
- involves risks which must be balanced against possible benefits. It is used
- experimentally only in the most severe cases of Blackfan-Diamond Anemia.
-
- An orphan drug being developed by Immunex Corp., 51 University St.,
- Seattle, WA, 98101, is Interleukin 3 Human (recombinant). It is used to
- promote formation of red blood cells.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- June 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Blackfan-Diamond Anemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia Registry
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Dept.
- Mt. Sinai Hospital
- New York, NY 10029
- (212) 241-6031
-
- Blackfan-Diamond Anemia Support Group
- 11 Hollyfield Ave.
- London N11 3BY England
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America
- P.O. Box 22689
- Baltimore, MD 21203
- (301) 955-2803
- 1-800-747-2820
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- DIAMOND-BLACKFAN SYNDROME IN ADULT PATIENTS: E.P. Balaban, et al.; Am J Med
- (March 1985, issue 78(3)). Pp. 533-538.
-
- DEFECTIVE ERYTHROID PROGENITOR DIFFERENTIATION SYSTEM IN CONGENITAL
- HYPOPLASTIC (DIAMOND-BLACKFAN) ANEMIA: J.M. Lipton, et al.; Blood (April
- 1986, issue 67(4)). Pp. 962-968.
-
-